A Tribal perspective: The Atlantic salmon and the Penobscot Indian Nation

Dan McCaw, fisheries biologist with the Penobscot Indian Nation

November is Native American Heritage Month. November is also spawning season at the Craig Brook National Fish Hatchery in Maine, which marks its 125th anniversary this year. In recognition of both occasions, today we hear from Dan McCaw, a fisheries biologist with the Penobscot Indian Nation, as he talks about the historical connection between native people and the species that helped sustain them for thousands of years, the Atlantic salmon.

The Penobscot Indian Nation has inhabited the Penobscot River basin since time immemorial. With its forested upland, diverse river and lake habitat, and once abundant fisheries, the basin has sustained the people of the Penobscot Nation for thousands of years.

The history, culture and economics of the tribe are intimately connected with the river and the sea-run fish that returned every spring. Atlantic salmon were at one time a herald of spring, a very welcome food source and leaping proof of the health of the river and its people.

Indian Island sits in the background of this photo of Milford Dam. Photo credit: Bridget Besaw, Penobscot River Restoration Trust

Indian Island sits in the Penobscot River about ten miles upstream from the head of tide and was the springtime home of the Penobscot Nation. It is a place where weddings, celebrations and important meetings between tribal clans have taken place over the centuries. All clans would gather on the island every spring and take advantage of the seemingly endless the supply of fresh fish.

A traditional Penobscot birch bark canoe. Photo credit: Meagan Racey, USFWS

A member of the Penobscot Indian Nation paddles a canoe by the area where Veazie dam once stood. Photo Credit: Meagan Racey, USFWS

Looking back a few centuries to the 1700s and 1800s, the stretch of river immediately downstream of Indian Island was called Old Town Falls. These falls had many islands and side channels that provided excellent opportunities for catching Atlantic salmon and other sea-run fish that swam up the Penobscot River every spring. Spears, nets, seines, weirs, birch bark canoes and birch bark torches were all used by tribal fishermen to harvest this incredible bounty.

But by the 1830s, most of the sea-run fish were gone with the construction of timber dams at Veazie, Great Works and Old Town Falls. The islands at Old Town Falls were permanently flooded by the construction of the concrete Milford Dam in 1906. The Penobscot River, like most rivers in New England, is no longer healthy and full of fish, as it once was.

We are the river – the river is us…“This river is the backbone of who we are as a Nation. Our name is derived from the description of the land in this region. The river that flows through it bears our name or we bear its name. We call ourselves ‘Pana wampskik.’ Jerry Pardilla, former Tribal Governor. Photo credit Penobscot Indian Nation DNR

Today, the Penobscot Indian Nation no longer supports itself on the bounty of the river. Atlantic salmon populations are now greatly diminished in numbers and the species is on the verge of extinction. The connection between the Penobscot Nation and the Atlantic salmon of the Penobscot River is but a legend today.

Currently there is more hope for the future health of the Penobscot River and its sea-run fish than ever before. The two main stem dams downstream of Indian Island have been removed from the river through the Penobscot River Restoration Project.  The Milford Dam is now the first dam on the river and has a new state-of-the-art fish lift that began operating in 2014.

USFWS staff at the Craig Brook National Fish Hatchery spawn sea-run Atlantic salmon. Photo credit: Peter Steenstra, USFWS

Today, through the vital restoration work of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Penobscot Nation, and other natural resource partners, Atlantic salmon and his sea-run brothers may once again provide sustenance for an indigenous people and show the world just how a healthy and functioning river can transform mankind’s definition of wealth.

Read about the Penobscot Indian Nation

Visit Craig Brook National Fish Hatchery

History of Craig Brook National Fish Hatchery: Charles Atkins, a pioneer in fisheries conservation

For World Fish Migration Day, Snap a Selfie—with a fish

A picture of a fish, that is.

May 24 is World Fish Migration Day, a global initiative to raise awareness about the necessity of maintaining open rivers that migratory fish can move through freely. Despite being a global campaign, you can participate right from your own backyard or neighborhood.

Fish need water: that’s a given. But habitat is more than water alone. Stream-dwelling fishes need connected habitats. Waters fragmented by large dams or small, poorly placed road culverts keep fish from accessing habitat. Fish need certain waters at particular times of the year, times of day, or times of their lives, so as to live out their lives as accustomed by nature. Dams, culverts, weirs, sluices and other infrastructure constructed for water management or drainage threaten these important fish in a time of collapsing or declining fish stock.

A culvert at Little Sucker Brook before the waterway was opened up for fish passage. I wouldn’t like to swim here. (via USFWS)

The culvert at Little Sucker Brook after completing the project to widen the fish passageway! Hooray! (via USFWS

Removing barriers allows kayaker to run the rivers. Anglers enjoy the fish swimming freely. There’s more wildlife to see from high quality habitat. They all increase the quality of life.Plus, there’s an economic benefit to removing barriers to fish passage. Since the program launched in 1999, the National Fish Passage Program has removed 1,522 fish passage barriers; reopened 7,486 rive miles and benefited over 90 species of fish. With a 3:1 ratio of non-federal match to federal NFPP dollars, it has supported 219,195 jobs. Based on that, NFPP has generated approximately $11 billion in economic value to local communities from its projects (based on USFWS economic study in 2010).

Hence the awareness that needs raising for the general public—and this year for World Fish Migration Day, there’s a fun way to get involved. In the lead-up to May 24, the Service and its partners in this campaign are asking you to take a picture of yourself (or a “selfie” as the kids call it these days) near a body of water and holding a print-out of a fish that needs help traversing its habitat due to barriers.

Print out these fish pictures at home, snap a selfie with them, and send them in to commemorate World Fish Passage Day! (via USFWS)

The idea is, by the time May 24 rolls around, we’ll be able to chart the passage of these fish through the northeast with all the great pictures from their supportive fans!

The fish pictures are illustrated by the talented Laury Zicari, out of our Orono, Maine field office. There are plenty of fish to choose from, including alewife, Atlantic salmon and lake sturgeon. It’s a quick and fun way for your friends, family or class to get involved with conserving nature throughout the next month!

For more information and the downloadable fish pictures, see the World Fish Migration Day’s website here. 

An atlantic salmon, pre-smolt. (via USFWS)

Veazie Dam on the Penobscot River was demolished last year to allow for fish passage, including Atlantic salmon, American shad and shortnose sturgeon. (via Meagan Racey / USFWS)

An Atlantic sturgeon! Look at this guy! (via USFWS)

Veazie Dam: There and gone…

It’s been some time since we checked in with Steve Shepard at Veazie Dam on Maine’s Penobscot River. Steve is in our Maine Field Office, and he’s put together this great slideshow.

The last of the major impediments to a free-flowing river at Veazie are under removal! The dam was breached back in July.

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“I’ve had the pleasure of working on the Penobscot River on and off for more than two decades, conducting fish passage research and working on the licensing of the dams,” he says. “I’ve tagged and chased many salmon, enjoyed my nights studying eels, seen dense schools of adult and juvenile alewife, Tim and I had otters bumping into our boots, and of course, I’ve spent countless hours in Penobscot meetings. The Penobscot is a special place. I’ve lived most of my life in this watershed and I look forward to the changes that will be realized as a result of the removal of these dams.”

Follow the Penobscot River Restoration Trust for updates and great photos!